Tooth decay is the gradual breakdown of your tooth's hard outer layer (enamel) caused by acids produced by bacteria in your mouth. When you eat sugary or starchy foods, bacteria feed on them and release acids that slowly eat away at the tooth surface. Over time, this can create small holes called cavities, which can grow larger if left untreated.

Common signs of tooth decay include tooth sensitivity to hot, cold, or sweet foods, visible holes or dark spots on your teeth, and pain when biting or chewing. However, in the early stages, tooth decay may show no symptoms at all. This is why regular dental check-ups are important, as your dentist can spot decay before it becomes a bigger problem.

The treatment for tooth decay depends on how far it has progressed. Common options include:
• Fillings – Used when a cavity has formed; the decayed part is removed and filled with a material like composite resin or amalgam.
• Crowns – Recommended when the damage is more extensive; a custom-made cap is placed over the tooth.
• Root Canal Treatment – Needed when decay has reached the inner pulp of the tooth; the infected tissue is removed and the tooth is sealed.
• Tooth Extraction – Considered a last resort when the tooth is too damaged to be saved.

Most tooth decay treatments are carried out under local anesthesia, which means the area around your tooth will be numbed before the procedure begins. You should feel little to no pain during the treatment. Some mild soreness or sensitivity after the procedure is normal and usually fades within a few days.

The time needed depends on the type of treatment. A simple filling can usually be completed in a single visit lasting about 30 to 60 minutes. A crown or root canal may require two or more visits. Your dentist will give you a clear timeline based on your specific situation during your consultation.

Very early-stage tooth decay, sometimes called a "pre-cavity," can sometimes be reversed with good oral hygiene and fluoride use. Fluoride helps strengthen the enamel and can stop the decay from progressing. However, once a cavity has actually formed, it cannot heal on its own and will require professional dental treatment.

The cost varies depending on the type and extent of treatment needed, as well as the dental practice you visit. A basic filling tends to be the least expensive option, while crowns and root canals cost more. Many dental insurance plans cover some or all of the cost for these treatments. It is a good idea to check with your insurance provider and ask your dentist for a written cost estimate before starting treatment.

If left untreated, tooth decay will continue to worsen over time. A small cavity can grow deeper into the tooth, eventually reaching the inner nerve and causing significant pain and infection. This may lead to more complex and costly treatments, such as a root canal or even tooth removal. In some cases, an untreated infection can spread to nearby teeth or other parts of the body.

After treatment, you can lower the risk of future decay by:
• Brushing your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste
• Flossing daily to remove plaque between teeth
• Cutting down on sugary and acidic foods and drinks
• Drinking plenty of water, especially fluoridated tap water
• Visiting your dentist regularly for check-ups and professional cleanings

If you have a history of tooth decay or are considered at higher risk, your dentist may recommend visiting every three to four months rather than the standard six-month interval. More frequent visits allow your dentist to catch any new signs of decay early and help you keep your teeth in good condition. Your dentist will advise you on the schedule that is best for your specific needs.